Bibliothèque de L'IMIST/CNRST

Front Cover; Radiation; Radiation; Copyright; Dedication; Contents (short); Contents; Introduction; REFERENCES; I -- Fundamentals; 1 -- Peculiarities of the Processes in Microcosm; 1.1 QUANTUM LAWS; 1.2 BOHR'S ATOM MODEL; 1.3 STRUCTURE OF ELECTRON LEVELS OF AN ATOM; 1.3.1 Electron Shells and Subshells; 1.3.2 Filling of Shells (Construction of Mendeleev's Table); 1.3.3 Splitting of Shells Into Subshells; 1.3.4 Transitions Between Levels; 1.4 CONSTITUTION AND ELECTRON STRUCTURE OF MOLECULES; 1.4.1 Repulsive Forces; 1.4.2 Types of Bonds; 1.4.3 Electronegativity; 1.4.4 Ionic Bond

1.4.5 Covalent Bond1.4.6 Donor-Acceptor Type of Bond; 1.4.7 Types of Molecular Movement; 1.4.8 Molecule Vibration. Classical and Quantum Harmonic Oscillator; 1.4.9 Configuration Curves: Frank-Condon Principle; 1.4.10 Molecular Orbitals; 1.4.10.1 Sigma, Pi, and Delta Bonds; 1.4.10.2 Examples of the Formation of Molecular Orbitals in Diatomic Molecules; 1.4.11 The Main Peculiarities of the Covalent Bond; 1.4.12 Electric Dipole Moment of a Molecule; 1.4.13 Molecule Polarizability; 1.4.14 Bond Energy, Bond Length, Atomic Radii; 1.4.15 Geometry of Covalent Molecules, Bond Angles

1.4.16 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals1.5 INTERMOLECULAR INTERACTION; 1.5.1 General Characteristic; 1.5.2 Interaction of Two Constant Dipoles (Orientation Interaction); 1.5.3 Interaction of a Constant Dipole With an Induced Dipole (Induction Interaction); 1.5.4 Interaction of Two Induced Dipoles (Dispersion Interaction); 1.5.5 Hydrogen Bond; 1.6 QUANTUM LAWS AND A LIVING CELL; 1.6.1 Quantum Biochemistry→Quantum Biology; 1.6.2 Some Conceptions of Quantum World; 1.6.2.1 Quantum Superposition; 1.6.2.2 Coherence; 1.6.2.3 Quantum Entanglement and Nonlocality; 1.6.2.4 Tunneling

1.6.3 Nontrivial Quantum Effects in Biology1.6.3.1 Photosynthesis; 1.6.3.2 Magnetoreception; 1.6.3.3 Sense of Odor; 1.6.3.4 Fermentative Catalysis; 1.6.3.5 The Role of Quantum Effects in Origin and Evolution of Life; 1.6.3.6 Some Other Biological Effects That Demand Attraction of Quantum Effects; REFERENCES; 2 -- Nuclei and Nuclear Radiations; 2.1 CONSTITUTION OF NUCLEUS; 2.2 MASS OF A NUCLEUS, BINDING ENERGY; 2.3 NUCLEAR SIZE; 2.4 NUCLEAR MOMENTS; 2.4.1 Nuclear Mechanical Moments (Angular Moment and Spin); 2.4.2 The Nuclear Electrical Moments; 2.4.3 Magnetic Moment of a Nucleus

2.5 NUCLEAR PARITY2.6 ENERGY LEVELS OF NUCLEI. EXCITED STATES; 2.7 RADIOACTIVE DECAY AND RADIOACTIVE RADIATIONS; 2.7.1 Alpha Decay; 2.7.2 Beta Decay; 2.7.3 Gamma Radiation of Nuclei; 2.7.4 Isomers; 2.7.5 Internal Conversion; 2.7.6 Energy Diagram of Radioactive Decay; 2.8 THE RADIOACTIVE DECAY LAW; 2.9 THE RADIOACTIVE CHAINS; 2.10 X-RAYS AND SYNCHROTRON RADIATION; 2.10.1 Characteristic X-Ray; 2.10.2 Bremsstrahlung; 2.10.3 Synchrotron Radiation; 2.11 SOME ELEMENTS OF DOSIMETRY; 2.11.1 Doses and Dose Rates; 2.11.2 Microdosimetry and Nanodosimetry; REFERENCES

3 -- Probability and Energy Laws of Particle Collisions

The author is ready to assert that practically none of the readers of this book will ever happen to deal with large doses of radiation. But the author, without a shadow of a doubt, claims that any readers of this book, regardless of gender, age, financial situation, type of professional activity, and habits, are actually exposed to low doses of radiation throughout their life. This book is devoted to the effect of small doses on the body. To understand the basic effects of radiation on humans, the book contains the necessary information from an atomic, molecular and nuclear physics, as well as from biochemistry and biology. Special attention is paid to the issues that are either not considered or discussed very briefly in existing literature. Examples include the ionization of inner atomic shells that play an essential role in radiological processes, and the questions of transformation of the energy of ionizing radiation in matter. The benefits of ionizing radiation to mankind is reflected in a wide range of radiation technologies used in science, industry, agriculture, culture, art, forensics, and, what is the most important application, medicine. Radiation: Fundamentals, Applications, Risks and Safety provides information on the use of radiation in modern life, its usefulness and indispensability. Experiments on the effects of small doses on bacteria, fungi, algae, insects, plants and animals are described. Human medical experiments are inhuman and ethically flawed. However, during the familiarity of mankind with ionizing radiation, a large number of population groups were subject to accumulation, exposed to radiation at doses of small but exceeding the natural background radiation. This book analyzes existing, real-life radiation results from survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Chernobyl and Fukushima, and examines studies of radiation effect on patients, radiologists, crews of long-distant flights and astronauts, on miners of uranium copies, on workers of nuclear industry and on militaries, exposed to ionizing radiation on a professional basis, and on the population of the various countries receiving environmental exposure. The author hopes that this book can mitigate the impact of radiation phobia, which prevails in the public consciousness over the last half century.